EXPLORING
THE NEXUS OF WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Ravina
Research
Scholar, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana
Abstract
Purpose:
The main aim of conducting a bibliometric
analysis is to assess the academic literature related to the nexus of Workplace
spirituality (WPS) to understand the research area better. This study provides
valuable insights into its scope and intellectual structure, as well as
identifies present and emerging themes.
Methodology:
The paper studies 610 articles published
in the English language in the Web of Science and Scopus database using bibliometrics
analysis, which was conducted using the data. After that, the analysis, and visualization
were done using Biblioshiny software of R-studio’s Bibliometrix package,
journals for the period of 1998-2024, and keywords were scrutinized to check
the past trends and prospects.
Results:
During the analysis, the highest
publication was found in 2021. The most influential author is Garg N, and the
most influential journal is the Journal of Management, spirituality&
religion. The USA and India are the leading countries in terms of publications
and citation count. The three main keywords that were found were workplace
spirituality, job satisfaction, and spiritual leadership. Islamic workplace
spirituality has been found to be an emerging theme.
Research implications: The
results obtained are helpful for scholars, governments, and various
developmental institutions. Scholars can analyze the current status in the area
of WPS and gain insights about future trends or gain insights for their
research work. Most prolific authors in the field can be helpful for management
and various developmental institutions with the help of various innovative HR
strategies that would foster the culture of WPS in the organization.
Novelty:
No such bibliometric analysis has been conducted to study the WPS by using both
the database Scopus and Web of Science.
Keywords:
Bibliometric, Biblioshiny, Performance
Analysis, spirituality at workplace, Science Mapping, workplace spirituality
1. INTRODUCTION
In
the Era of digitalization and globalization, the concept of “workplace
spirituality” has been given importance in both sectors (public and private)
and has a significant impact on the quality and survival of an organization
(Setiawan et al., 2024). In recent years, the popularity of the concept of
workplace spirituality (WPS) has increased. In a modern organization, day by
day increasing popularity, applicability, and importance of spirituality is an
inner feeling of employees (Pawar, 2009). It helps to create a good work
environment, job satisfaction, increased performance, and well-being of
employees in an organization (Aboobaker et al., 2022; Hassan et al., 2022).
There are many other related terms to workplace spirituality, such as
‘spiritual organization,’ ‘spirit at work,’ ‘spirituality at work,’ and moral
and ethical values at the workplace (Gocen and Ozgan, 2018). In the early
1990s, workplace spirituality began as an exploratory research area, later
supported by empirical studies. Initially popular in Western countries,
interest spread to Asia post-2000 (Rajni et al., 2022). The concept has gained
attraction, with organizations addressing employees' spiritual needs by
creating meditation and prayer places and, in the West, employing workplace
chaplains or spiritual mentors (Monika, 2022).The term workplace spirituality is
defined by Mitroff & Denton (1999) as finding out the purpose of life,
creating a strong connection between co-workers, aligning with organizational
and individual values, and helping create a good working environment. In other
words, Spirituality at work focuses on employees finding a deep sense of
purpose and meaning in their jobs, along with a strong feeling of connectedness
to their employees (Ashmos & Denton, 2000). Some renowned researchers talk
about workplace spirituality and dimensions of a sense of community, alignment
with organizational values, and meaningful work (Milliman et al., 2003). Hence,
the study of workplace spirituality and various other factors that influence organizations
becomes crucial not only at the macroeconomic level but also at the
micro-levels, such as in private companies, in any governed states, or even in
a family. Not only this, it will always be vital to the academic community due
to the dynamic nature of the management and their ties, even if scholars have
studied the concept in great detail relating it to various contexts such as
different geographical regions or different organizations such as public or
private. But, to the best of the scholar’s knowledge, no such study has been
conducted that not only analyses the current status of the research in the
context of workplace spirituality but also talks about future directions. In
such a scenario, a bibliometric analysis might provide fruitful results. There
are many advantages of such analysis. It can help academicians know where their
work stands, identify knowledge gaps, gain insights on research trends, and get
new research ideas with the help of various tools, such as identifying emerging
themes and thematic analysis (Donthu et al., 2021). Also, the outcomes of such
a study are vital for formulating plans and policies that align with the
dynamics of the economic growth of a country/organization. Bibliometric
analysis is a modern method of review where the scholar can perform a
quantitative analysis of a large number of publications. This can be performed
using two types of analysis, i.e., performance analysis, in which we can
evaluate the productivity and impact of research and contributions by authors,
institutions, and countries in the field, and science mapping, through which
the key themes and topics along with the noteworthy trends and research gaps in
the field can be identified (Lim & Kumar, 2024).
This
study aims to assess the concept of ‘workplace spirituality’ through
bibliometric analysis, highlighting the dynamics of scientific literature
through a scientific mapping of existing knowledge. To evaluate the publishing
trajectory of this field of study, scholarly articles were retrieved for the
years 1998–2024 from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The selection of
the articles for the study used a systematic approach to measure the influence
of the papers and journals released in that time frame. The study also utilized
some descriptive data to determine which journals, authors, nations, and
institutions within the sample are the most prolific. Finally, an analysis was
carried out to find linkages and clusters among the terms that authors from the
same study corpus used, using Biblioshiny software from R-studio. The review
examines the following research questions to outline the relationship's past
performance and its current state in the literature. It also identifies
potential future directions of the field that will be useful for both academic
and scientific research for framing policies for organizations of all kinds.
RQ1. What is the trend in the volume of the
WPS research corpus?
RQ2.
Which Journals, Authors, affiliations, and Countries are the most influential
ones in the field of research?
RQ3.
What are the key research areas and emerging themes in the WPS nexus?
RQ4.
What is the co-citation network between the Authors?
The
practical implications of comprehending workplace spirituality in public and
private institutions and policymakers to formulate policies and practices that
support organizational growth while lowering organizational issues are of
utmost importance and go beyond academic curiosity. Not only this, this study
also aims to find future trends and gaps in the research area for the academic
community.
The
rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a review of the
literature; Section 3 describes the methodology used for conducting the
bibliometric analysis, which is followed by Section 4, which presents results
and discussion, elaborating on the development and recent trends of the
investigated research field and detailed content analysis in the sense of
cluster analysis and thematic analysis in the field. Finally, section 5
concludes the article.
2.
Literature Review:
A
thorough review of the literature on research focused on bibliometric analysis
or other similar ideas in the area of spirituality was conducted during this
procedure. An overview of previous research was conducted before initiating the
present study's assessment, which uses bibliometric analysis to design the
scientific construct of workplace spirituality. Many scholars have reviewed
such studies. A review of the past era found several studies on workplace
spirituality in terms of spirit at the workplace, spirituality, and other
related forms. For instance, (Rajni et al., 2022) used the Scopus database to
conduct a bibliometric analysis on the evolving topic of workplace spirituality
(WPS). The author discovered in this bibliometric analysis that in research
domain development, the keyword WPS was used as the most cited work. The most
influential terms found are spirituality, spirituality in the workplace, and spiritual
leadership. The author found that during his study period from 1998-2021, there
was an exponential trend in workplace spirituality publications only after
2012. Again, it was found that there was an increasing trend in the
publications, with a maximum number of occurrences of the keyword “workplace
spirituality,” followed by job satisfaction, employee engagement, work
engagement, well-being, and leadership. His suggestion for future research on
indices was taken into account by (Mohan & Murugan, 2023) after performing
a mix of bibliometric and cluster analysis of spirituality in the workplace
indicators using a dataset from Scopus for 2003-2022. They also found that
future researchers could broaden the study by another database and a combination
of other keywords.
The
present study is based on the above-identified gap. Another study conducted on
workplace spirituality studies utilizing the dataset from the Scopus database
for the period 2000-2020 by (Allam et al., 2021) found that 2016 and 2019 showed
an incremental decline, but after that, the maximum number of publications
since 2020. They have used Microsoft Excel, Harzing’s Publish or Perish, and
Vosviewer for the bibliometric analysis and visualization. They used the search
string workplace spirituality in the title, and they suggested expanding
another database to explore meaningful results for future studies. Their study
also revealed that the majority of the published work was in the English
language, from Business, Management, and Accounting, from the US, the Journal
of Management, Spirituality, and Religion, and from their respective group
under study. Other than this, they also conducted citation analysis using
Harzing’s Publish or Perish software and visual representation of countries and
authors' collaboration networks using VOSviewer. (Srivastava, 2024) “Spirituality
at the workplace” was proposed by seminal researchers (Ashmos & Duchcon,
2000). He has found that number of the articles published in a single digit up
to 2005 and after that rise steadily with the year 2009 deviating slightly from
the trend. They classified the articles based on the research topic, literature
dataset acquisition from the database, dataset pre-processing and refinement,
network construction and visualization, and analysis and interpretation. Other
than one, the bibliometric study (barik & Nayak, 2023) conducted a study from
1998-2023 from the Scopus database by using the biblioshiny and Vos viewer
software. He has found that workplace spirituality is a multidimensional
construct and theme in the field of organization behaviour domain. The author scrutinizes
the various themes such as organizational culture, performance, workplace
spirituality, spirituality in the workplace, spirituality, and organizational
performance, and India has a strong representation in the study. Further, he
found that the scope for future researchers illustrates the concept of
spiritual leadership, organizational culture, religion, commitment, and job
satisfaction, including the use of another large database like the Web of Science
or Google Scholar.
Research
Gap: As mentioned in the previous literature,
there is a shortage of studies in the research field that are conducted either
by utilizing databases other than Scopus or have combined it with others; also
as suggested, emphasis on the use of keywords related to workplace spirituality
(Dubey & Bedi, 2024). There is no such study, as per the author’s
knowledge, that has conducted an in-depth bibliometric analysis of workplace
spirituality. The growing importance of studying is highlighted in the
literature and revealed that time can have distinct effects on different
spiritual outcomes (Lata & Chaudhary, 2021; Vasconcelos, 2018). At last,
the present study focused both on performance analysis and science mapping as
science mapping is of equal importance to understanding future trends in any
research area, and the past literature emphasized more on performance mapping.
3.
Methodology:
Bibliometric analysis is conducted to analyze the
contribution of authors, journals, and countries in the domain. Not just this,
it also talks about the collaborations and future trends that young researchers
can use for their future endeavors. For such in-depth analysis, both objective
and subjective methods are required. The first one is known as performance
analysis, while the second one is known by the name of science mapping (Donthu
et al., 2021). This study has utilized the combination of both performance
analysis and science mapping, which can provide meaningful insights into the
area of research.
Data
collection:
This
study retrieved data from the Web of Science and Scopus to conduct the
bibliometric analysis. The search string of the keywords is given in table 1.
After that, the exclusion and inclusion criteria are shown in Table 2 which is
aligned with the search strategy of (Setiawan et al., 2024; Allam et al.,
2021). Utilizing both databases ensures the quality of the study corpus in
terms of peer-reviewed publications and allows for broader coverage (Meho &
Yang, 2007; Okolie & Ogundeji, 2022).
Table 1 Search string
used for bibliometric analysis
|
Database |
Used
keyword |
|
Scopus |
Article
title, Abstract, and Keywords ("Workplace Spiritualities" OR
"Organisational Spirituality" OR "Organizational
Spirituality" OR "Organizational Spiritualities" OR
"Spirituality at Work" OR "individual spirituality" OR
"spiritual organization" OR " employee spirituality" OR
"spirituality at workplace") |
|
Web
of Science |
Topic
("Workplace Spiritualities" OR "Organisational
Spirituality" OR "Organizational Spirituality" OR
"Organizational Spiritualities" OR "Spirituality at Work"
OR "individual spirituality" OR "spiritual organization"
OR " employee spirituality" OR "spirituality at
workplace") |
Table 2 Inclusion and
Exclusion Criterion
|
Criterion |
Included
|
|
Scopus |
|
|
Document
Type |
Articles |
|
Subject
Area |
Business
management, social science, art and humanities, economics, econometrics,
finance, psychology |
|
Language |
English |
|
Publication
stage |
Final |
|
Web
of Science |
|
|
Document
types |
Articles
|
|
Web
of Science categories |
Management, religion, business
ethics, sociology, psychology applied, economics, psychological, social
sciences, interdisciplinary, psychology |
|
Language |
English |
|
Publication
stage and document type |
Excluding proceeding paper and
early access |
The
research was conducted using published papers from Scopus and Web of Science
(WoS) databases. Initially, a list of 1,098 and 117 documents were identified
from the Scopus and WoS, respectively, using the keyword string as mentioned in
Table 1, which were further scrutinized per different inclusion and exclusion
criteria in Table 2. The data from Scopus were extracted in “BibTex” format and
from Wos in “plaintext,” which were further converted into “bibtex” in the
bibliometrics package of R-studio version 4.4.0. The techniques for conversion,
merging, and deduplication were similar (Echchakoui, 2020; Okolie &
Ogundeji, 2022). Further records from Scopus 677 and 71 WoS records were merged
along with the removal of 57 duplicates in the same software, and then merged
files with no duplicates were further converted into .xlsx format. The Excel
file was further scrutinized, and for the removal of all those records that
were not related to the keywords, a manual study of abstracts of 748 records
was conducted, leading to the removal of 81 records. A final corpus of 610 was
thoroughly analyzed using various bibliometric techniques. The visual
representation of the bibliometric study was done in both Microsoft Excel and
the biblioshiny software of R-studio.
Figure 1 Flow diagram
of research methodology (modified from (Okolie & Ogundeji, 2022))
4.
Results & Discussion
Performance Analysis
One
of the best ways to address the subjectivity in the review papers is to do a
quantitative analysis of the research conducted in the area of interest. The
bibliometric analysis is one such analysis that helps highlight the major
development and future research agendas. This type of analysis can never be
substituted for other types of review, such as narrative review or systematic
literature review, but rather complements them. There are in general two types
of analysis to fulfill this goal: performance analysis and science mapping.
Performance
analysis is best to know the current status of the research, such as the major
authors, institutions, countries, or even journals, and how their status has
been in terms of citation count and publication count (Donthu et al., 2021). In
this article, we discuss the basic statistical characteristics of publications,
such as their productivity and impact, based on recognized bibliometric
indicators such as the number of publications, citations, and average citations
(Pan et al., 2023). The data obtained from such analysis helps various parties
involved, the publishers, potential researchers, fund providers, and even the
government. Not just this when combined with science mapping it can provide
valuable insights.
Descriptive
statistics of publications
The information about the publications showing
workplace spirituality nexus is based on the data retrieved from the two
databases, namely, Scopus and Web of Science, and is presented in Figure 2.
There are 610 articles published at an annual growth rate of 13.75 % and cited
on an average of 26.21 citations per document from 1998 to 2024. Out of these
articles, 126 were published by single authors, which means that the rest of
the 484 articles were co-authored by either two or more than two authors. In
addition, overall, 1198 authors contributed to the published documents since
1998. These documents belong to 197 sources, showing many publication bodies.
These studies employ a sum of 1497 author's keywords.
Figure 2 Main
information about the research corpus
Source:
Biblioshiny, based on the merged data of Scopus and Web of Science
Figure 3 Yearly
Publication and its proportion to total research corpus
Source:
Author’s own
Figure
3 shows the yearly publication and percentage of articles published each year
in proportion to overall records of 610 from 1998 to 2024. The trend in the
publications of WPS Nexus started in 1998. It continues to rise from 2018 and
peaks in 2022 with a yearly publication of 69 articles, which is 11.32% of
total publications, after which it again increases in 2023 by 10.99% from the
preceding year. The growing publication trends indicate the rising importance
of studying the nexus.
Leading
authors, countries, and countries as per their citation structure
Most influential authors
Table 3 Top 10 most
influential authors based on the h-index.
|
Rank |
Author |
H |
G |
m |
Institution |
Country |
TC |
TP |
TC/TP |
PY |
FY |
|
1 |
Garg N |
10 |
13 |
1.25 |
Delhi Technological
University |
India |
397 |
13 |
30.54 |
2017 |
8 |
|
2 |
Jena L |
7 |
7 |
0.70 |
Xavier University
Bhubaneswar |
India |
159 |
7 |
22.72 |
2015 |
3 |
|
3 |
Pawar B |
6 |
8 |
0.38 |
Indian Institute of
Management Kozhikode |
India |
574 |
8 |
71.75 |
2009 |
8 |
|
4 |
Aboobaker N |
5 |
6 |
0.84 |
Cochin University of
Science and Technology |
India |
131 |
6 |
21.84 |
2019 |
6 |
|
5 |
Adawiyah W |
5 |
8 |
0.63 |
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman |
Indonesia |
114 |
9 |
12.67 |
2017 |
2 |
|
6 |
Pandey A |
5 |
5 |
0.30 |
Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay |
India |
167 |
5 |
33.4 |
2008 |
3 |
|
7 |
Rahman M |
5 |
5 |
0.50 |
Multimedia University |
Bangladesh |
90 |
5 |
18 |
2015 |
5 |
|
8 |
Chawla V |
4 |
4 |
0.27 |
Indian Institute of
Management Kozhikode |
India |
176 |
4 |
44 |
2010 |
4 |
|
9 |
Driscoll C |
4 |
4 |
0.22 |
Saint Mary's University |
Canada |
120 |
4 |
30 |
2007 |
2 |
|
10 |
Duchon D |
4 |
4 |
0.16 |
The University of Texas
at San Antonio |
United States |
1679 |
4 |
419.75 |
2000 |
1 |
Note:
h: h-index, g: g-index, m: m-index, TC: Total Citation, TP: Total Publication,
TC/TP: Average citation per publication, PY: First year of publication, FA:
Number of publications as first author
Source: Author’s own
The
most influential authors in Table 3 are ranked as per the decreasing order of
the h-index. The h-index of x here based on WPS publications shows that a total
of x works have been cited at least x times, which is a measure of an author's
productivity and citation impact. The table also lists the important
characteristics of the top 10 authors, such as g-index, m-index, institution,
country, total citations, number of publications, average citation per
publication, year of first publication, and number of publications as a first
author. As per the h-index value, Garg N Delhi Technological University from
India held the first rank. Moreover, he is also leading in g-index (13), has
the highest number of publications in this list (13), and has an average citation
of 30.54 per publication. He has a total citation count of 397, after the most
cited author from the Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, India, with the
second-highest total citation (574) and the highest average citation count
(71.75) in the list. The results show that 9 authors on the list have more than
100 citations. In addition to this, the results also reveal that the authors
had a varied country of origin. As is seen in the table, the topper in the list
is an author from a developing country. India got 1st to 4th
rank in terms of highest h index and no of publications. Still, it was the
highest citation (1679) by authors from developed countries. The USA has one of
the earliest publications in 2000.
Most
influential countries
Table 4 Top 20 most
influential countries based on number of citations and publications
|
Country |
TC |
Country |
TP |
|
USA |
3744 |
INDIA |
110 |
|
INDIA |
2278 |
USA |
92 |
|
THAILAND |
737 |
INDONESIA |
32 |
|
UNITED KINGDOM |
722 |
UNITED KINGDOM |
32 |
|
PORTUGAL |
583 |
MALAYSIA |
23 |
|
PAKISTAN |
514 |
PAKISTAN |
19 |
|
CHINA |
342 |
SOUTH AFRICA |
19 |
|
MALAYSIA |
322 |
CHINA |
16 |
|
INDONESIA |
259 |
KOREA |
15 |
|
NEW ZEALAND |
239 |
PORTUGAL |
13 |
|
SOUTH AFRICA |
226 |
CANADA |
11 |
|
CANADA |
207 |
AUSTRALIA |
10 |
|
GREECE |
201 |
THAILAND |
10 |
|
TURKEY |
190 |
TURKEY |
9 |
|
KOREA |
187 |
NEW ZEALAND |
7 |
|
IRAN |
95 |
POLAND |
7 |
|
AUSTRALIA |
86 |
SAUDI ARABIA |
7 |
|
ISRAEL |
76 |
ISRAEL |
6 |
|
ITALY |
68 |
IRAN |
5 |
|
SAUDI ARABIA |
58 |
ITALY |
5 |
Source: Made by Author
As
indicated in Table 4, the most cited articles originated from the following
countries: the USA, India, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Pakistan, China, Malaysia,
Indonesia, and New Zealand. The USA has accumulated 3,744 total citations, the
highest among all the countries, followed by India and Thailand with 2,278 and
737 total citations, respectively. The most prolific countries listed in the
table are India, the USA, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Pakistan,
South Africa, China, Korea, and Portugal. All of these countries have at least
five publications in WPS nexus.
In
addition, it is also visible that countries like the USA and India hold the top
spot in the list of the top two producers, and the top two highly cited
countries leading both lists excel in quantity and quality. More interestingly,
despite producing fewer publications than many other countries, Thailand has
received 737 total citations, securing the third position in citation rankings
and underscoring its significant impact in the WPS domain.
Relevant
affiliations
The
institution's top most productive affiliation was examined based on the number
of documents contributing to workplace spirituality. The
results indicate that Universitas Jenderal Soedirman was the most relevant
affiliation, with 11 articles published, followed by the School of Management
with ten articles. The Central University of Technology published nine
articles, followed by the Cochin University of Science and Technology, with eight
articles. The other relevant affiliations with the highest number of articles
published include Arizona State University (7), followed by different
institutions with the same number of publications. The rest of the relevant
affiliations are shown in Figure 4. Institutions engage in research as a part
of their visions by promoting and encouraging the real impact of research. The
institutes such as Universitas Jenderal Soedirman and the School of Management
increased their visibility and presence in workplace spirituality. Other
institutes such as Cochin University of Science and Technology, cochin
university of science and technology, Arizona State University, Kyungpook
National University, University Putra Malaysia, University Sains Malaysia,
University of Nevada, and University of the Punjab are actively engaged in publishing
the areas of knowledge management and performance.
Figure 4 Most relevant
affiliation to the total research corpus
Source: authors own
The
most influential journals
Bradford’s
Law
To
determine the core journals in the research area, Bradford’s law has been used
which divides the journals into three zones. About 90% of relevant literature
in an area is found in only a few journals suggested by Bradford's law
(Garfield 1971). As per this law, if each zone comprises of almost equal number
of articles, with the decreasing order of article publications, then the number
of journals in the three zones will increase proportionately or in geometric
series towards the next zone (G & Anandhalli, 2016). In Figure 5, the first
zone (core zone) consists of almost one-third of the publications published in
only 13 journals including Journal of the Journal of Management Spirituality,
religion, Journal of Organizational Change Management, journal of business
ethics, and Religions. These are the most productive journals in the research
corpus. Besides this, the second and third zones contain almost the same number
of publications with 204 and 200 respectively. However, the increase in
journals towards the second and third zones is not in equal proportion, hence
it violates Bradford's law.
Figure 5 Distribution
of Journals as per Bradford's Law
Table 5 Top 15 journals
as per their local h-index
|
Sources |
H Index |
TC |
TP (610) |
PY |
SJR (2023) |
Quartile |
cites core |
publisher |
Subject area |
SNIP |
|
Journal of management,
spirituality, and religion |
26 |
1900 |
75 |
2005 |
|
Q1 |
2.4 |
Taylor & Francis |
Religion studies |
0.481 |
|
Journal of Business
Ethics |
20 |
1931 |
24 |
2008 |
|
Q1 |
12.8 |
Springer Nature |
Law |
2.841 |
|
Journal of Organizational
Change Management |
13 |
1806 |
25 |
1999 |
0.698 |
Q2 |
5.8 |
Emerald |
Organizational Behavior
and Human Resource Management |
1.058 |
|
Journal of Management
Development |
7 |
278 |
7 |
2003 |
0.794 |
Q2 |
7.0 |
Emerald |
Business, Management,
and Accounting (miscellaneous) |
1.602 |
|
Journal of religion and
health |
7 |
151 |
8 |
2005 |
0.867 |
Q2 |
5.4 |
Springer Nature |
Religious Studies |
1.254 |
|
Leadership and
Organizational Development Journal |
7 |
401 |
7 |
2008 |
|
Q2 |
|
Emerald Publishing |
Business, Management,
and Accounting (miscellaneous) |
1.512 |
|
International Journal
of Organizational Analysis |
6 |
128 |
9 |
2011 |
0.822 |
Q3 |
6.0 |
Emerald Publishing |
Organizational Behavior
and Human Resource Management |
1.534 |
|
Journal of Human Values |
6 |
260 |
7 |
2006 |
|
Q1 |
|
SAGE |
Cultural Studies |
0.837 |
|
Journal of Management
Inquiry |
6 |
1321 |
6 |
2000 |
1.837 |
Q1 |
8.3 |
|
General Business,
Management and Accounting |
|
|
International journal
of ethics and systems |
5 |
88 |
9 |
2018 |
0.442 |
Q1 |
4.4 |
Emerald Publishing |
Philosophy |
0.815 |
|
Management research
review |
5 |
132 |
6 |
2015 |
|
Q1 |
|
Emerald Publishing |
General Business,
Management and Accounting |
1.268 |
|
Cogent business and
management |
4 |
141 |
5 |
2016 |
0.567 |
Q2 |
4.4 |
Cogent OA |
Business, Management,
and Accounting (miscellaneous) |
|
|
Global business review |
4 |
150 |
4 |
2008 |
|
Q1 |
|
SAGE |
Business and
International Management |
1.195 |
|
Leadership quarterly |
4 |
907 |
4 |
2005 |
|
Q1 |
|
Elsevier |
Sociology and Political
Science |
|
TP:
Total Publications, SJR: SCImago Journal Rank, TC: Total citations, *, PY: year
of first publication, #: Local impact
Thereafter
for further in-depth analysis of the journals, they are arranged in the
decreasing order of h index, which considers both the quantity and quality of
the journals to determine which is a better option for submission for future
research, for granting funds and libraries for future subscription (De Bruyn et
al., 2023; Olden, 2007). It tells how many articles of a journal have been
cited at least equal to the number of publications. Table 5 shows that the “Journal
of Management, spirituality & religion” acquires the highest rank not just
in terms of h-index (26) but also in terms of the number of publications (75).
It is one of the newest journals publishing in the area of workplace
spirituality with the highest total citation count of (1931), having 2nd
position in SJR (2.624), 2nd in Citescore (12.8), and 2nd in SNIP
(2.841). It surely shows the impact and influence of the Journal of Business
Ethics in the field of WPS nexus. Moreover, it is indexed as a Q1 journal of
Springer publisher publishing in the area of Law. Quartile 1 journal, “Leadership
Quarterly” shows the best performance in terms of Citescore of 15.2, SJR 4.375,
and SNIP 3.216 from the list. Most journals are from the publisher “Emerald”
followed by Elsevier. Seven out of the top 14 journals are listed as Q1
journals, which is a great sign that quality journals are publishing articles,
as Q1 journals are the top 50% most prestigious journals in the domain of workplace
spirituality. Additionally, most of the journals are related to the general
management, organisation behavior, and human resource management categories
with the maximum number of publications in total, suggesting the significance
of the topic not just in the present but also in the coming future for
research.
Figure 6 Top 10 most
cited journals
In
contrast with the above findings, when the journals are ranked based on the
total citation count for identifying the most prominent journals in the field,
the results show that as per the total citation count in Figure 6, the 3 most
influential journals are the Journal of business ethics, journal of management,
spirituality, and religion, and journal of organizational change management
with 1931, 1900, and 1806 total citations, respectively. These journals still greatly
influence the interest area and can be used for future references.
science
Mapping:
Performance analysis is one side of the story
of bibliometric analysis, to understand the other half, or to get in-depth
knowledge of the research area's prospective trends, gaps, key themes, and
topics, various tools can be used (Lim & Kumar, 2024). Science mapping is
one such technique that includes Co-authorship analysis, Co-citation analysis,
Bibliographic coupling, Co-word or Co-occurrence of keywords analysis, Citation
analysis, and PageRank analysis. In this study, bibliographic coupling of
documents, co-occurrence of keywords, and thematic map were used to get some
idea of the major sub-themes under the central theme of WPS nexus.
Co-Citation
Analysis
Author Co-Citation
Analysis
This
figure shows that co-citation network on workplace spirituality. The main
decision of this co-citation analysis is which authors should be depicted. This
co-citation analysis is performed to depict the intellectual structure of a
related topic. This co-citation analysis determined the main author's
contribution (publishing a set of papers) to “workplace spirituality”. The
result was extracted from the 610 papers, co-citation analysis was performed,
and 25 writers for the creation of this cluster which is shown in Figure 7. To
perform the co-citation analysis identify the four clusters. These clusters include both those who
directly contributed to defining WPS dimensions and those from different fields
who significantly influenced the development of “WPS” studies. The co-citation
graph examines the significant citations among authors that have taken place in
the research domain. The co-citation network in Figure 4 consists of nodes or
circles and connecting lines. The node's size reflects the country's publication
frequency, and the thickness of the lines connecting the two nodes indicates
the frequency of collaboration. A total of four clusters are discovered after
examining the co-citation network.
Figure 7 Authors co-citation
analysis of total research corpus
Source: authors own
The
red cluster depicts seven authors Anonymous with Bandura A, Rego A, Emmons Ra, Benefiel M, and
others. The anonymous also
is the largest node in the network, showing the highest number of co-citation).
For instance, rego et al. (2008) contributed to the studies of WPS by
developing themes such as a team sense of community, alignment with
organizational values, sense of contribution to society, enjoyment at work, and
opportunity for inner life. These nodes are linked to show how their work is
interconnected within that cluster.
The
second blue cluster discloses a different kind of authors who have directly and
indirectly insects in the Domain of “WPS”. In this cluster the most cited
article written by Ashmos & Duchon (2000) and Mitroff et al. (2009) highest
connected node in this network. On the other hand, Giacalone (2003), Milliman
et al., (2003), and Kinjerski & Skrypnek, (2004) those who are not directly
contributing to the domain of WPS (Workplace Performance Studies or another
similar domain), have been influential through citations by those who did work
directly on WPS.
Apart from the two clusters discussed above,
two other small clusters (green and purple) were identified. These clusters
consisted of the research work conducted by authors such as Krishnakumar, Maslow, Vaill, and Delbecq.
For instance, a few other works are not directly related to “WPS” but their
field of study overlaps with WPS, even though they didn't directly contribute
to it, their work is interconnected with WPS researchers through citations. Despite the wide
range of alliances, there is still a noticeable deficiency in the number of
co-citations.
Keyword
analyses
The
author's keywords are analyzed in terms of their frequency over time to
understand where most work has been done and where the research is headed in
the specific area. A graph of the most frequently used keywords illustrates the
use and trend of the words in the past. Figure 8 depicts the development
process of the top 10 keywords in this specific research field and found that
the word “workplace spirituality” is frequently used in the articles, with “1”
cumulative frequency into 2024, showing a growing popularity since its first
use in the domain. It also helps in suggesting future research areas
(Alkhammash, 2023). The words that show continuous growth along workplace
spirituality are spirituality, job satisfaction, and religion, implying the
strong association among these words even in 2024. Hence, studying the
relationship among these keywords might be fruitful in the future. These
findings are in line with that of (Saisse et al., 2023).
It is more intriguing to note here the growth
of the keyword “spirituality” in the literature that surpasses the keywords
“job satisfaction” and “religion” in the year 2022, and the keyword “spiritual
leadership” in 2023, reaching a cumulative frequency of 30 in 2024. The
keywords spirituality, job satisfaction, religion, and spiritual leadership
have a frequency of occurrence of 123, 43, 42, and 33, respectively.
Figure 8 Top 10
Keywords over 1998-2024
Source: Biblioshiny
Co-occurrence of Author Keywords
The
co-occurrence of authors’ keywords is used to analyze the underlying themes by
identifying the words that occur together (Donthu et al., 2021). The thematic
clusters that are formed using bibliographic coupling (present themes) are
supplemented with the future themes using the thematic map and co-occurrence of
authors’ keywords (Donthu et al., 2021; Florek-Paszkowska & Hoyos Vallejo,
2023). The fifty most significant keywords are analyzed in Figure 9 by applying
Louvain clustering, which is one of the best clustering algorithms, to
understand how the keywords in the field of WPS nexus are distributed. The
co-occurrence has been normalized using association and for clear
visualization, automatic layout has been used. By checking the association
among the keywords, the co-occurrence network maps in the form of a network.
The size of the node is represented by the circle that indicates the number of
connections the keyword has with others and the thickness of the linking line
indicates the frequency of co-occurrence of the two interconnected keywords.
The closeness among the keywords indicates that authors have used the
respective keywords more often together. The map shows different clusters in
various colors.
In this case, workplace spirituality is at the
center and has also occurred the highest number of times shown by the size of
the node. Not just this, it is also connected to various other keywords, and
that too with the highest number of times with spirituality, job satisfaction,
organizational performance, and innovative work behavior shown by the thickness
of the edges connected to it. It indicates that scholars have focused more on
these areas.
Then
the Knowledge Clusters are formed using the measures of centrality, as in Table
6. The keywords with the highest betweenness centrality act as a bridge and
facilitate information flow throughout the network by being situated along the
shortest paths between other keywords. Closeness centrality gauges the keywords
that are frequently examined together in literature because it shows which
keywords are the most crucial and can reach all other keywords in the network
without the need for any intermediaries. A greater PageRank centrality
indicates that a term is among the most powerful due to the quantity and quality
of its linkages with other important words. PageRank takes importance into
account in addition to number. The knowledge clusters so formed are as follows:
1. workplace
spirituality: The cluster colored in red (Figure 9) contains 27 keywords. The
biggest and central node in this cluster is workplace spirituality, indicating
its occurrence and importance, respectively. Also, it has the highest closeness
centrality, as in Table 7. It is directly connected to other nodes in the same
cluster namely organizational performance, meaningful work, sense of community,
employee well-being, innovative work behavior, spiritual leadership, emotional
intelligence, transcendence, and person-organization- fit. Among these job
satisfaction, individual spirituality and meaningful work had the highest
scores of betweenness, closeness, and PageRank centrality, showing their
importance and influence in the network.
2. spirituality:
The second cluster is depicted in blue color in Figure 9. and is central around
the workplace. It involves other keywords such as religion, leadership,
workplace, ethics, well-being, India, religiosity, values, performance, and
employee spirituality. Overall, this cluster includes 23 keywords. The
important keywords as per Pagerank appear to be spirituality, religion,
leadership, workplace, ethics, and well-being values of 0.11044047, 0.035784489, 0.030164514, 0.019768135,
0.021182554 and 0.014880551, respectively. The
values of betweenness and closeness are the highest of spirituality,
religion, and leadership indicating the focus of this cluster around
spirituality, religion, and leadership.
Figure 9 Keywords
co-occurrence
Table 6 Keyword
clusters based on centrality measures
|
Node |
Cluster |
Betweenness |
Closeness |
PageRank |
|
workplace spirituality |
1 |
950.0574646 |
0.020408163 |
0.285652024 |
|
job satisfaction |
1 |
2.478262901 |
0.011627907 |
0.041255453 |
|
spiritual leadership |
1 |
0.94397774 |
0.011235955 |
0.028850679 |
|
spirituality at work |
1 |
0.267692098 |
0.010989011 |
0.016385405 |
|
organizational
spirituality |
1 |
0.457910516 |
0.011111111 |
0.014277573 |
|
meaningful work |
1 |
0.056603774 |
0.010638298 |
0.02126921 |
|
organizational
commitment |
1 |
0.805565562 |
0.010869565 |
0.018383541 |
|
employee engagement |
1 |
0.142857143 |
0.010638298 |
0.01492272 |
|
Mindfulness |
1 |
0.166666667 |
0.010638298 |
0.012366691 |
|
job performance |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.013080104 |
|
work engagement |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.010748957 |
|
sense of community |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.013341703 |
|
transformational
leadership |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.011825724 |
|
emotional intelligence |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.009092176 |
|
spiritual well-being |
1 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.010318779 |
|
employee well-being |
1 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.011679338 |
|
organizational
performance |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.006905091 |
|
ethical leadership |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.007545735 |
|
individual spirituality |
1 |
0.084507042 |
0.010638298 |
0.00925771 |
|
organizational
citizenship behavior |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.006905091 |
|
Teachers |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.00818638 |
|
covid-19 |
1 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.007796463 |
|
employee performance |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.007545735 |
|
innovative work behavior |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.007545735 |
|
person-organization fit |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.008397363 |
|
transcendence |
1 |
0 |
0.010526316 |
0.007240985 |
|
affective commitment |
1 |
0 |
0.010416667 |
0.006264446 |
|
Spirituality |
2 |
112.3221078 |
0.01369863 |
0.11044047 |
|
Religion |
2 |
3.692299505 |
0.011235955 |
0.035784489 |
|
Leadership |
2 |
5.937887829 |
0.011764706 |
0.030164514 |
|
Workplace |
2 |
1.060267538 |
0.011111111 |
0.019768135 |
|
Ethics |
2 |
4.450870396 |
0.011111111 |
0.021182554 |
|
well-being |
2 |
0.465484352 |
0.010989011 |
0.014880551 |
|
India |
2 |
0 |
0.010869565 |
0.013017524 |
|
religiosity |
2 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.009211359 |
|
values |
2 |
0 |
0.010752688 |
0.010640221 |
|
performance |
2 |
0.327189982 |
0.010989011 |
0.012544973 |
|
employee spirituality |
2 |
0.031312234 |
0.010989011 |
0.013517211 |
|
employees |
2 |
0.047058824 |
0.010638298 |
0.007799008 |
|
business ethics |
2 |
0.019607843 |
0.010752688 |
0.009154869 |
|
commitment |
2 |
0.095238095 |
0.010869565 |
0.010415921 |
|
gender |
2 |
0.068965517 |
0.010752688 |
0.00996806 |
|
human resource
management |
2 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.006874526 |
|
job involvement |
2 |
0 |
0.010752688 |
0.008668304 |
|
life satisfaction |
2 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.006819654 |
|
management |
2 |
0.02020202 |
0.008695652 |
0.010472031 |
|
organizational culture |
2 |
0 |
0.010638298 |
0.00617901 |
|
spirituality in the
workplace |
2 |
0 |
0.010752688 |
0.007026421 |
|
Trust |
2 |
0 |
0.010752688 |
0.008429387 |
Thematic
analysis
The thematic map includes important themes
and patterns, as well as a network analysis of word occurrence to define what
science says in an area (Thukral & jain, 2021). The
authors’ keywords were used for this analysis, which has been referred to as a
better option than keyword plus (Florek-Paszkowska & Hoyos-Vallejo, 2023).
The keywords are clustered into bubbles. The bubble size determines the number
of articles that have used the specific term. (Hanaa & Abdul, 2023). The
clusters are further grouped into four quadrants based on Callon’s centrality
and density rank. Centrality tells how integrated the theme is with other
themes, and density tells how mature the theme is. The first one is measured on
the x-axis and the second one on the y-axis. The four quadrants thus formed are
as below:
Figure 10 Thematic map
1) Quadrant
1 (Motor Themes): On the top right side of the graph, the keywords have higher
centrality and higher density means the themes are well-developed and are also
well connected with other themes, as in Figure 10 in the case of themes named
by subjective well-being, deep acting, higher education, gender, public sector,
and Buddhism.
2) Quadrant
2 (Niche Themes): On the top left side, the keywords are grouped with the
features of low centrality but higher density, also known by the name niche
themes are understood as specialized or well-researched within the domain but
little interdisciplinary work is done. So, more efforts are needed to develop
themes such as “spiritual development”, “innovative work behavior”,
“psychological behavior” and “servant leadership” to establish more ties within
the nexus of “workplace spirituality”.
3) Quadrant
3 (Emerging or Declining Themes): The lower left side of the graph is
characterized by low centrality and low density with themes namely Islamic
workplace spirituality in smaller circles showing lesser work can be either
emerging or declining themes. It shows either these themes have become obsolete
or they have the potential to become central in the future research area.
4) Quadrant
4 (Basic and transversal theme): The theme of workplace spirituality has higher
centrality but lower density, shown in the lower right side of the graph. There
are various other sub-themes such as spirituality, sense of community, inner
life, meaningful work, organizational performance, spiritual leadership, organizational
commitment, sustainability, and structure equation modeling. It is an important
topic but is not fully developed.
5) Authority
has some keywords belonging to basic themes and some to motor themes, showing
that some of its components are important for the domain’s growth, similarly,
the ethical climate and narcissism theme also has some elements in the niche
theme and some in the motor theme. Further, pro-environmental behavior and
spirituality in organization themes also have some elements in emerging and
trending themes and some in the niche theme, hence is a leading theme.
The
thematic analysis suggests that it is required to develop themes such as
innovative work behavior and servant leadership with respect to the nexus
studied. The results of both thematic map and word co-occurrence show similar
results for economic freedom, hence more studies should be conducted to
understand its link with the nexus.
Thematic evolution in two time slices: 1998–
2019 and 2020– 2024
Figure 5 shows the evolution of the
research themes, clusters, or topics across two time slices (1998– 2019 and
2020– 2024). It is clear that core themes remained despite the evolution and
diversification of the research themes over time. The
clusters of ‘spirituality’, ‘workplace spirituality’, and ‘organizational
spirituality’ remained the three top research themes throughout the entire
period of this WPS study. Although the focus of the figure is on the
evolution of critical topics, core development between the two-time slices can
be observed. The ‘workplace spirituality’ topic is split into five clusters:
‘meaningful work’, ‘workplace spirituality’, ‘ethics’, ‘affective commitment’,
and ‘deep acting’. The cluster of ‘spiritual leadership’ merged into ‘workplace
spirituality’ and ‘employee well-being’. It is worth noticing that the
‘spirituality’ cluster in the 2014– 2019 period helped to grow four new
clusters, including ‘narrative inquiry’, ‘ethics’, ‘spirituality at work’, and
‘India’. From the perspective of new clusters in the period 2020– 2024, the
‘ethics cluster is a combined evolution of ‘spirituality’, and ‘workplace
spirituality’. The cluster of ‘affective commitment’ and ‘deep acting’ is
strongly related to the clusters of ‘workplace spirituality’. In summary,
Figure 5 represents the overall evolution of topics and core development
between two-time slices. Some clusters have been split and merged with others
between the two-time slices. overall, Some new clusters, such as ‘employees
well-being’, and ‘narrative inquiry’ developed from a few research themes of
the 2020-2024 time slice.
5.
Conclusion and Future Directions
This study’s primary objective is to
understand the evolving nature of workplace spirituality and suggest possible
areas of future exploration. Using a novel bibliometric review, we examined 610
articles published in 269 scholarly journals in the fields of accounting,
economics, finance, business management, and psychology from 1998 to 2024 with
an annual growth rate of publications of 13.75% and an average of 26.21
citations per document. The findings of this study identify trends, gaps, and
further theoretical prospects related to the relationship between the studied
variables. The results offer insights into the literature by tracking
influential papers, top contributing authors, corresponding authors’
institutions, and journal distributions of publications. An author co-citation
network, word growth dynamics, bibliographic coupling, Co-occurrence map of
keywords, a thematic map, and thematic evolution pre and post covid-19 were
produced as part of the bibliometric study using the bibliometric-R package and
biblio-shiny software. The purpose of using these multiple analyses is to
assist the researchers in comprehending the scope of this topic, its
intellectual structure, and present and emerging thematic trends.
The
results conclude that the most influential author in the WPS nexus is Garg N.
Other than this, the USA and India have been the major contributors to the
publications and citations. More surprisingly, India has outperformed other
countries in terms of total citations, despite having more publications than
them, by securing second position in terms of the number of citations.
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman was the most relevant affiliation with 11
articles published followed by the School of Management with 10 articles. While
evaluating the most influential journals in the domain, the Journal of
Management, spirituality, and religion has surpassed others in the h-index
list, while maintaining a good count in other respects. It also was found in
the core zone of Bradford’s law, along with journals like the Journal of
Business Ethics, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Journal of
Management Development, Journal of Religion and Health, and Leadership and
Organizational Development have also made it to the list and can be referred as
the most productive journals. Against this, a few old journals that have made
it to the top of the total citation count are the Journal of Organizational
Change Management, Journal of Management Inquiry, and Journal of Management
Development with 1806, 1321, and 278 total citations, respectively. After this,
the technique of science mapping was applied using a variety of tools. First,
co-citation was applied to authors the results reflect that there are four
clusters, the red cluster where the author co-citation, also had the highest
number of documents and the most impactful.
The
most frequently used word in the domain is found to be workplace spirituality
with the highest cumulative frequency, with its continuous growth with other
frequently occurring keywords job satisfaction, organizational spirituality,
meaningful work, and organizational commitment. The keyword job satisfaction
has been growing exponentially. It indicates that these terms are likely to be
studied in the future as well. The findings of the word co-occurrence network
show that the highest occurred keyword is workplace spirituality and has a
close relationship with spirituality at work, job satisfaction, and spiritual
leadership. The current themes and emerging themes are analyzed using
bibliographic coupling, clusters are formed using co-word analysis. The
well-developed and well-connected themes as per the thematic map employee
well-being, subjective well-being, and gender, while Islamic workplace
spirituality has been found as an emerging theme, with low centrality and
density. In thematic evolution, clusters of ‘spirituality’, ‘workplace spirituality’, and
‘organizational spirituality’ remained the three top research themes throughout
the entire period of this WPS study. An in-depth
thematic analysis can provide more constructive insights, which is left for
future studies. With the use of bibliometric coupling, an extensive thematic
analysis, and scientific mapping analysis with word co-occurrence, this study
has closed a sizable research gap.
Research
Implications:
Based on the findings of the study, it is
expected that more studies will be conducted on emerging themes such as Islamic
workplace spirituality in the context of workplace spirituality. Scholars can
analyze the current status in the area of WPS, and gain insights about future
trends. They can even look for collaborations with other authors in the field
who have a great impact on their field and also refer to influential journals
for their future work or submissions. Researchers from other fields can also
use the methodology used in this study for better insights. Most prolific
authors in the field can be consulted for making policies and rules to achieve
a good working environment, and to achieve the maximum level of performance and
belongingness among employees. The results obtained are helpful for management
and various developmental institutions to the help of various innovative HR
strategies which would foster the culture of WPS in the organization.
Limitations:
This
study, like many other studies, has certain limitations. The bibliometric study
utilizes two only databases namely Scopus and WoS and didn’t consider other
databases such as Google Scholar for collecting data, which may have led to
excluding publications from other databases. This may have led to some biases.
The study has used only biblioshiny for bibliometric analysis and visual
representation so in the future the researchers can use other software such as
Vosviewer to get better visuals. Since governance and economic development is
an important research area, similar studies need to be carried out in the
future to understand the evolving nature of the topic analyzing other
bibliometric aspects such as bibliographic coupling. Another drawback is that
our bibliometric technique does not examine the papers' results. In light of
this, future studies can evaluate the studies in a structured way, by
performing a systematic literature review on the research corpus to facilitate
a better understanding of the relationship between governance and economic
development. The study in the future might also be conducted with the inclusion
of documents in non-English language, or other type of documents such as book chapters,
or conference proceedings which have not been included in the present study and
have a chance of altering the results of the analysis. Despite these
limitations, this study offers an encompassing view of this field and provides
valuable insights for researchers of this field who want to explore this topic
further.
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